The improvement of air quality is related to scientific advancements and cross-cutting strategies or action plans that take into account urban and rural contexts, including industry, transportation, energy production and use, urban planning, waste and agricultural waste management, and land-use planning. Territorial particularities should also be identified, such as Spain's ozone challenge. The management of air quality also faces challenges associated with the emergence of new pollutants, monitoring and the availability of information, and health protection, particularly in vulnerable groups and their priority environments, such as hospitals, residences, and schools.