Even though brain anatomy and basic circuitry are the same for everyone, the way neurons connect to each other is very different, which makes us all unique. Neuroscience is advancing in its ability to comprehend the healthy and pathological human brain, detect consciousness, map neuronal functions, and comprehend their computational capacity. This knowledge also enables the development of various technologies based on connecting the human brain to machines in order to improve health and generate new products for leisure, surveillance, and education. Nevertheless advances in neuroscience pose new ethical and regulatory problems for society (neuro-rights, impact on personal identity, freedom of thought, mental privacy, equitable access to cognitive enhancement technologies and protection against algorithmic biases).