Neuromodulators are a new generation of pacemakers that act on the nervous system rather than on the heart. They correct the electrical activity associatedwith neurological and psychiatric disorders. They offer supplementary or alternative treatment to drugs, with fewer side effects and potential for greater efficacy. Opportunity for the Catalan economy. Rapidly growing new large-scale global industry. Challenge I for the Catalan healthcare system. High cost. Need for cost-benefit analysis. Challenge II for Catalan industry. Development of neuromodulation technology involves large investments and long turn-around times.